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Does It Matter Who I Register My Domain Name With

Written By Friday, March 25, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Identification string in the Net

This article is about domain names in the Internet. For other uses, see Domain (disambiguation).

A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authorization or control within the Net. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In full general, a domain name identifies a network domain, or it represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Cyberspace, a server computer hosting a website, or the web site itself or any other service communicated via the Internet. As of 2017, 330.6 million domain names had been registered.[i]

Domain names are formed past the rules and procedures of the Domain Name Organization (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain proper noun. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The get-go-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and the country code tiptop-level domains (ccTLDs). Beneath these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by terminate-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Net resources or run web sites.

The registration of these domain names is usually administered past domain proper name registrars who sell their services to the public.

A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is a domain proper name that is completely specified with all labels in the bureaucracy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot (.) to denote the top of the DNS tree.[2] Labels in the Domain Name Organization are case-insensitive, and may therefore be written in whatsoever desired capitalization method, merely nigh commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts.[three]

Purpose

Domain names serve to identify Internet resources, such as computers, networks, and services, with a text-based characterization that is easier to memorize than the numerical addresses used in the Cyberspace protocols. A domain proper name may stand for entire collections of such resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, too chosen hostnames. The term hostname is also used for the leaf labels in the domain proper name organisation, usually without farther subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as websites (eastward.g., en.wikipedia.org).

Domain names are likewise used as elementary identification labels to signal buying or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-postal service systems, and in many other Compatible Resources Identifiers (URIs).

An important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resources to be moved to a unlike physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a movement usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the respective translation of this IP address to and from its domain name.

Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a domain name that corresponds to their name, helping Internet users to attain them hands.

A generic domain is a name that defines a full general category, rather than a specific or personal case, for example, the proper noun of an manufacture, rather than a company name. Some examples of generic names are books.com, music.com, and travel.info. Companies have created brands based on generic names, and such generic domain names may be valuable.[iv]

Domain names are oft but referred to as domains and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as domain owners, although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal buying of the domain proper name, but an exclusive right of use for a item elapsing of time. The use of domain names in commerce may subject them to trademark law.

History

The practise of using a simple memorable brainchild of a host's numerical accost on a reckoner network dates back to the ARPANET era, before the advent of today's commercial Internet. In the early on network, each computer on the network retrieved the hosts file (host.txt) from a estimator at SRI (now SRI International),[5] [6] which mapped computer hostnames to numerical addresses. The rapid growth of the network made it impossible to maintain a centrally organized hostname registry and in 1983 the Domain Name Organization was introduced on the ARPANET and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force every bit RFC 882 and RFC 883.

The following table shows the beginning five .com domains with the dates of their registration:[7]

Domain name Registration date
symbolics.com fifteen/03/1985
bbn.com 24/04/1985
think.com 24/05/1985
mcc.com 11/07/1985
december.com 30/09/1985

and the first five .edu domains:[8]

Domain name Registration date
berkeley.edu 24/04/1985
cmu.edu 24/04/1985
purdue.edu 24/04/1985
rice.edu 24/04/1985
ucla.edu 24/04/1985

Domain name infinite

The hierarchical domain name arrangement, organized into zones, each served by domain name servers.

Today, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) manages the top-level evolution and architecture of the Net domain name infinite. It authorizes domain name registrars, through which domain names may be registered and reassigned.

The hierarchy of labels in a fully qualified domain name

The domain proper name space consists of a tree of domain names. Each node in the tree holds information associated with the domain proper name. The tree sub-divides into zones get-go at the DNS root zone.

Domain proper name syntax

A domain proper name consists of one or more parts, technically called labels, that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as case.com.

  • The right-most characterization conveys the top-level domain; for example, the domain name www.case.com belongs to the top-level domain com.
  • The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each characterization to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the correct. For example: the label example specifies a node instance.com as a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a characterization to create world wide web.example.com, a subdomain of example.com. Each label may comprise from 1 to 63 octets. The empty characterization is reserved for the root node and when fully qualified is expressed as the empty characterization terminated by a dot. The full domain name may not exceed a full length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation.[9] Thus, when using a single character per label, the limit is 127 levels: 127 characters plus 126 dots have a full length of 253. In practice, some domain registries may accept shorter limits.
  • A hostname is a domain name that has at least one associated IP address. For example, the domain names www.example.com and case.com are likewise hostnames, whereas the com domain is not. However, other peak-level domains, particularly state code top-level domains, may indeed take an IP address, and if so, they are also hostnames.
  • Hostnames impose restrictions on the characters immune in the corresponding domain name. A valid hostname is also a valid domain name, just a valid domain name may non necessarily exist valid as a hostname.

Height-level domains

When the Domain Name Organization was devised in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains.[x] The country code top-level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the 2-character territory codes of ISO-3166 land abbreviations. In add-on, a group of seven generic top-level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations.[11] These were the domains gov, edu, com, mil, org, cyberspace, and int. These two types of superlative-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. Pinnacle-level domains grade the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Proper name System. Every domain proper name ends with a pinnacle-level domain characterization.

During the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of October 2009, 21 generic top-level domains and 250 two-alphabetic character state-code elevation-level domains existed.[12] In addition, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name Arrangement.

During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008,[13] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant footstep forrad on the introduction of new generic pinnacle-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, besides as a new application and implementation procedure.[fourteen] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domains to be registered.[15] In 2012, the plan commenced, and received 1930 applications.[16] By 2016, the milestone of 1000 alive gTLD was reached.

The Cyberspace Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains an annotated list of top-level domains in the DNS root zone database.[17]

For special purposes, such as network testing, documentation, and other applications, IANA also reserves a prepare of special-apply domain names.[eighteen] This list contains domain names such as case, local, localhost, and examination. Other top-level domain names containing trade marks are registered for corporate use. Cases include brands such as BMW, Google, and Canon.[nineteen]

Second-level and lower level domains

Below the top-level domains in the domain proper name hierarchy are the second-level domain (SLD) names. These are the names direct to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an instance, in the domain example.co.uk, co is the second-level domain.

Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There tin exist fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is sos.state.oh.united states of america. Each label is separated by a full cease (dot). 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 contrary resolution DNS zones, eastward.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain proper noun for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost proper name.

Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent bureaucracy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (due east.one thousand., bbc.co.uk), product or service (e.thou. hotmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a detail host server. Therefore, ftp.instance.com might exist an FTP server, www.example.com would be a Www server, and mail service.example.com could exist an electronic mail server, each intended to perform only the unsaid role. Modern technology allows multiple concrete servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a unmarried hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very pop in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.

The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full terminate (dot, .).

Internationalized domain names

The character ready allowed in the Domain Name System is based on ASCII and does not allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets. ICANN canonical the Internationalized domain proper noun (IDNA) system, which maps Unicode strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS character set up past an encoding called Punycode. For example, københavn.eu is mapped to xn--kbenhavn-54a.eu. Many registries take adopted IDNA.

Domain name registration

History

The first commercial Net domain name, in the TLD com, was registered on 15 March 1985 in the name symbolics.com by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

By 1992, fewer than xv,000 com domains had been registered.

In the first quarter of 2015, 294 1000000 domain names had been registered.[20] A large fraction of them are in the com TLD, which as of December 21, 2014, had 115.6 million domain names,[21] including eleven.nine million online business organisation and e-commerce sites, 4.3 million entertainment sites, three.1 million finance related sites, and 1.eight million sports sites.[22] As of July 2012 the com TLD had more registrations than all of the ccTLDs combined.[23]

Administration

The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain proper noun registrars, which are accredited by the Cyberspace Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the system charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each height-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an authoritative organisation operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the WHOIS protocol.

Registries and registrars ordinarily charge an almanac fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set up of name servers. Frequently, this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant may sometimes be chosen an "owner", just no such legal relationship is really associated with the transaction, merely the exclusive right to use the domain proper noun. More correctly, authorized users are known every bit "registrants" or as "domain holders".

ICANN publishes the complete listing of TLD registries and domain proper name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS protocol. For almost of the 250 country lawmaking meridian-level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information.

Some domain name registries, ofttimes called network information centers (NIC), also function as registrars to end-users. The major generic top-level domain registries, such as for the com, cyberspace, org, info domains and others, use a registry-registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (see lists at ICANN[24] or VeriSign).[25] In this method of management, the registry but manages the domain name database and the human relationship with the registrars. The registrants (users of a domain name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through boosted layers of resellers.

There are also a few other alternative DNS root providers that attempt to compete or complement ICANN's office of domain name administration, notwithstanding, nearly of them failed to receive broad recognition, and thus domain names offered by those culling roots cannot be used universally on virtually other net-connecting machines without additional dedicated configurations.

Technical requirements and process

In the procedure of registering a domain name and maintaining authorization over the new name space created, registrars employ several fundamental pieces of information connected with a domain:

  • Authoritative contact. A registrant unremarkably designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name. The administrative contact normally has the highest level of control over a domain. Direction functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business concern information, such every bit name of record, postal address, and contact data of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name. Furthermore, the administrative contact installs boosted contact information for technical and billing functions.
  • Technical contact. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain proper name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name).
  • Billing contact. The political party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain proper name registrar and paying applicable fees.
  • Name servers. Well-nigh registrars provide two or more name servers equally part of the registration service. However, a registrant may specify its own authoritative name servers to host a domain'south resource records. The registrar'south policies govern the number of servers and the type of server information required. Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must exist resolvable either in the new domain, or be elsewhere. Based on traditional requirements (RFC 1034), typically a minimum of ii servers is required.

A domain proper name consists of one or more labels, each of which is formed from the set of ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens (a-z, A-Z, 0–nine, -), simply not starting or ending with a hyphen. The labels are example-insensitive; for example, 'label' is equivalent to 'Characterization' or 'Label'. In the textual representation of a domain proper noun, the labels are separated by a full finish (period).

Business models

Domain names are often seen in illustration to existent manor in that domain names are foundations on which a website can be built, and the highest quality domain names, like sought-later on real manor, tend to conduct significant value, unremarkably due to their online brand-building potential, use in advert, search engine optimization, and many other criteria.

A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even free domain registration with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These commonly require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertizement wrapped around the domain holder'south content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were gratuitous of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder may provide an infinite number of subdomains in their domain. For example, the owner of case.org could provide subdomains such every bit foo.case.org and foo.bar.example.org to interested parties.

Many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other adequate names, using Web-based search features, or WHOIS and dig operating organization tools. Many registrars take implemented domain name suggestion tools which search domain proper noun databases and advise available culling domain names related to keywords provided by the user.

Resale of domain names

The business of resale of registered domain names is known as the domain aftermarket. Various factors influence the perceived value or market place value of a domain proper noun. Most of the high-prize domain sales are carried out privately.

Domain proper noun defoliation

Intercapping is ofttimes used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name, because DNS names are non instance-sensitive. Some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For case: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose whorepresents.com,[26] which can be misread. In such situations, the proper meaning may be antiseptic by placement of hyphens when registering a domain name. For instance, Experts Exchange, a programmers' discussion site, used expertsexchange.com, simply inverse its domain name to experts-exchange.com.[27]

Use in web site hosting

The domain proper noun is a component of a uniform resource locator (URL) used to access web sites, for example:

  • URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
  • Top-level domain: net
  • Second-level domain: example
  • Hostname: www

A domain proper name may bespeak to multiple IP addresses to provide server redundancy for the services offered, a characteristic that is used to manage the traffic of large, popular spider web sites.

Web hosting services, on the other mitt, run servers that are typically assigned only one or a few addresses while serving websites for many domains, a technique referred to equally virtual web hosting. Such IP address overloading requires that each asking identifies the domain proper name being referenced, for instance by using the HTTP request header field Host:, or Server Name Indication.

Abuse and regulation

Critics oftentimes claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Specially noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder organisation which redirected all unregistered .com and .internet domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public coming together with VeriSign to air technical concerns nigh SiteFinder,[28] numerous people, active in the IETF and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign'southward changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Cyberspace infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. SiteFinder, at first, assumed every Cyberspace query was for a website, and information technology monetized queries for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign's search site. Unfortunately, other applications, such every bit many implementations of electronic mail, treat a lack of response to a domain proper name query as an indication that the domain does not be, and that the message can exist treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, considering information technology would always resolve an erroneous domain proper noun to that of SiteFinder. While VeriSign afterward changed SiteFinder'due south behaviour with regard to electronic mail, there was still widespread protest nigh VeriSign'southward activity being more than in its financial interest than in the interest of the Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.

Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign just reluctantly removed information technology after the Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root proper noun servers. ICANN published the extensive ready of messages exchanged, commission reports, and ICANN decisions.[29]

There is likewise significant disquiet regarding the United States Government'southward political influence over ICANN. This was a pregnant issue in the effort to create a .xxx acme-level domain and sparked greater interest in alternative DNS roots that would be beyond the control of any single land.[30]

Additionally, there are numerous accusations of domain proper name front running, whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Network Solutions has been defendant of this.[31]

Truth in Domain Names Act

In the United States, the Truth in Domain Names Deed of 2003, in combination with the PROTECT Act of 2003, forbids the utilise of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting Internet users into visiting Net pornography sites.

The Truth in Domain Names Human action follows the more general Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Human action passed in 1999 aimed at preventing typosquatting and deceptive use of names and trademarks in domain names.

Seizures

  • Seizure notices

  • channelsurfing.net

In the early on 21st century, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) pursued the seizure of domain names, based on the legal theory that domain names constitute property used to engage in criminal activity, and thus are field of study to forfeiture. For example, in the seizure of the domain name of a gambling website, the DOJ referenced eighteen UsaC. § 981 and 18 UsC. § 1955(d).[32][1] In 2013 the US government seized Liberty Reserve, citing 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1).[33]

The U.S. Congress passed the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act in 2010. Consumer Electronics Association vice president Michael Petricone was worried that seizure was a blunt instrument that could harm legitimate businesses.[34] [35] After a joint operation on February 15, 2011, the DOJ and the Department of Homeland Security claimed to have seized ten domains of websites involved in advertisement and distributing child pornography, but also mistakenly seized the domain name of a big DNS provider, temporarily replacing 84,000 websites with seizure notices.[36]

In the United Kingdom, the Constabulary Intellectual Property Criminal offence Unit has been attempting to seize domain names from registrars without court orders.[37]

Suspensions

PIPCU and other UK law enforcement organisations make domain suspension requests to Nominet which they process on the basis of breach of terms and conditions. Around sixteen,000 domains are suspended annually, and about fourscore% of the requests originate from PIPCU.[38]

Holding rights

Because of the economical value information technology represents, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that the exclusive right to a domain proper noun is protected every bit property under commodity 1 of Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Homo Rights.[39]

IDN variants

ICANN Business organisation Constituency (BC) has spent decades trying to make IDN variants work at the second level, and in the last several years at the tiptop level. Domain proper name variants are domain names recognized in different graphic symbol encodings, like a single domain presented in traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese. Information technology is an Internationalization and localization problem. Under Domain Proper name Variants, the unlike encodings of the domain proper noun (in simplified and traditional Chinese) would resolve to the aforementioned host.[xl] [41]

According to John Levine, an expert on Internet related topics, "Unfortunately, variants don't work. The problem isn't putting them in the DNS, information technology's that once they're in the DNS, they don't piece of work anywhere else." [40]

Fictitious domain name

A fictitious domain name is a domain name used in a piece of work of fiction or popular culture to refer to a domain that does not actually be, often with invalid or unofficial tiptop-level domains such as ".web", a usage exactly analogous to the dummy 555 telephone number prefix used in film and other media. The canonical fictitious domain name is "example.com", specifically set aside by IANA in RFC 2606 for such use, along with the .example TLD.

Domain names used in works of fiction have often been registered in the DNS, either by their creators or by cybersquatters attempting to profit from it. This phenomenon prompted NBC to purchase the domain proper noun Hornymanatee.com after talk-show host Conan O'Brien spoke the name while ad-libbing on his show. O'Brien subsequently created a website based on the concept and used it every bit a running gag on the prove.[42]

Domain name spoofing

The term Domain name spoofing (or only though less accurately, Domain spoofing) is used generically to describe 1 or more of a class of phishing attacks that depend on falsifying or misrepresenting an internet domain proper name.[43] [44] These are designed to persuade unsuspecting users into visiting a spider web site other than that intended, or opening an email that is not in reality from the address shown (or evidently shown).[45] Although website and electronic mail spoofing attacks are more than widely known, any service that relies on domain name resolution may be compromised.

Types

There are a number of meliorate-known types of domain spoofing:

  • Typosquatting also called "URL hijacking", a "sting site", or a "fake URL", is a grade of cybersquatting, and perchance brandjacking which relies on mistakes such as typos made by Internet users when inputting a website address into a web browser or composing an electronic mail address. Should a user accidentally enter an incorrect domain proper noun, they may exist led to whatever URL (including an alternative website owned by a cybersquatter).[46]
The typosquatter'due south URL will usually be 1 of v kinds, all similar to the victim site address:
  • A common misspelling, or foreign linguistic communication spelling, of the intended site
  • A misspelling based on a typographical error
  • A plural of a atypical domain name
  • A different top-level domain: (i.e. .com instead of .org)
  • An abuse of the Country Code Meridian-Level Domain (ccTLD) (.cm, .co, or .om instead of .com)
  • Internationalised domain name homograph attack. This blazon of assail depends on registering a domain proper noun that is similar to the 'target' domain, differing from information technology just because its spelling includes one or more than characters that come from a unlike alphabet but look the aforementioned to the naked eye. For example, the Cyrillic, Latin, and Greek alphabets each have their ain letter of the alphabet A, each of which has its own binary code point. Turkish has a dotless letter of the alphabet i (ı) that may not exist perceived as unlike from the ASCII letter i. Most spider web browsers warn of 'mixed alphabet' domain names, [47] [48] [49] [fifty] Other services, such as email applications, may non provide the same protection. Reputable elevation level domain and country code domain registrars volition not accept applications to register a deceptive proper name but this policy cannot exist presumed to be infallible.
  • DNS spoofing – Cyberattack using corrupt DNS data
  • Website spoofing – Creating a website, as a hoax, with the intention of misleading readers
  • Email spoofing – Creating email spam or phishing messages with a forged sender identity or address

Hazard mitigation

  • Domain Name System Security Extensions – Suite of IETF specifications for securing certain kinds of information provided by DNS
  • Sender Policy Framework – Simple email-validation organisation designed to detect e-mail spoofing
  • DMARC – System to foreclose e-mail fraud ("Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance")
  • DomainKeys Identified Mail – Email authentication method designed to detect email spoofing
  • Public primal document – Electronic certificate used to show the buying of a public key (SSL document)

Legitimate technologies that may be subverted

  • URL redirection – Technique for making a Web page bachelor nether more than one URL accost
  • Domain fronting – Technique for Net censorship circumvention

See also

  • Domain hack
  • Domain hijacking
  • Domain name registrar
  • Domain proper name speculation
  • Domain name warehousing
  • Domain registration
  • Domain tasting
  • Geodomain
  • List of Internet top-level domains
  • Reverse domain hijacking
  • Reverse domain name notation

References

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  2. ^ Stevens, W. Richard (1994). TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN9780201633467.
  3. ^ "RFC 4034 - Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions". IEFT.
  4. ^ Low, Jerry. "Why are generic domains so expensive?". TheRealJerryLow.com . Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  5. ^ RFC 3467, Role of the Domain Name Organisation (DNS), J.C. Klensin, J. Klensin (February 2003)
  6. ^ Cricket Liu, Paul Albitz (2006). DNS and BIND (5th ed.). O'Reilly. p. three.
  7. ^ "The start ever 20 domain names registered". ComputerWeekly.com . Retrieved 2020-07-30 .
  8. ^ Rooksby, Jacob H. (2015). "Defining Domain: College Teaching'due south Battles for Cyberspace". Brooklyn Police Review. 80 (3): 857–942. Retrieved 2015-10-27 . at p. 869
  9. ^ RFC 1035, Domain names--Implementation and specification, P. Mockapetris (Nov 1987)
  10. ^ "Introduction to Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)". Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
  11. ^ RFC 920, Domain Requirements, J. Postel, J. Reynolds, The Internet Society (October 1984)
  12. ^ "New gTLD Program", ICANN, October 2009
  13. ^ "32nd International Public ICANN Meeting". ICANN. 2008-06-22.
  14. ^ "New gTLS Program". ICANN. Retrieved 2009-06-15 .
  15. ^ ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Acme-level Domains, CircleID, 26 June 2008.
  16. ^ "About the Program - ICANN New gTLDs". ICANN.
  17. ^ "Root Zone Database". IANA.
  18. ^ Cheshire, S., Krochmal M. (February 2013). "RFC6761 - Special-Use Domain Names". Internet Technology Task Force (IETF). Retrieved iii May 2015.
  19. ^ "Executive Summary - dot brand observatory". observatory.domains.
  20. ^ Internet Grows to 294 Million Domain Names in the First Quarter of 2015, Jun thirty, 2015.
  21. ^ "Thirty years of .COM domains - and the numbers are upwards". Geekzone. Mar 13, 2015. Retrieved Mar 25, 2016.
  22. ^ Evangelista, Benny. 2010. "25 years of .com names." San Francisco Chronicle. March 15, p. 1
  23. ^ "Domain domination: The com TLD larger than all ccTLDs combined". Royal.pingdom.com. Retrieved 2012-07-25 .
  24. ^ "ICANN-Accredited Registrars". ICANN.
  25. ^ "Choose A Meridian Domain Registrar Of Your Selection Using Our Search Tool". Verisign.
  26. ^ Courtney, Curzi (14 Oct 2014). "WhoRepresents helps brands connect with celebrity influencers". DM News. Retrieved viii July 2019.
  27. ^ Ki, Mae Heussner (2 June 2010). "'Slurls': About Outrageous Website URLs". ABC News . Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  28. ^ McCullagh, Declan (2003-10-03). "VeriSign fends off critics at ICANN powwow". CNET News.com. Retrieved 2007-09-22 .
  29. ^ "Verisign'southward Wildcard Service Deployment". ICANN. Retrieved 2007-09-22 .
  30. ^ Mueller, Thou (March 2004). Ruling the Root. MIT Press. ISBN0-262-63298-5.
  31. ^ Slashdot.org, NSI Registers Every Domain Checked
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External links

  • (domain bias in spider web search) a research by Microsoft
  • Top Level Domain Bias in Search Engine Indexing and Rankings
  • Domain Names at Curlie
  • Icann New gTLD Program Factsheet - October 2009 (PDF)
  • IANA Ii letter of the alphabet Country Code TLD
  • ICANN - Net Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
  • Internic.net, public information regarding Cyberspace domain proper name registration services
  • Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues Congressional Enquiry Service
  • RFC 1034, Domain Names — Concepts and Facilities, an Net Protocol Standard
  • RFC 1035, Domain Names — Implementation and Specification, an Internet Protocol Standard
  • UDRP, Compatible Domain-Proper name Dispute-Resolution Policy
  • Special use domain names

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name

Posted by: lawrenceadisaid.blogspot.com

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